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Bulgar language
Bulgar (also spelled ''Bolğar'', ''Bulghar'') is an extinct language which was spoken by the Bulgars.
The name is derived from the Bulgars, a tribal association which established the Bulgar khanate, known as Old Great Bulgaria in the mid-7th century, giving rise to the Danubian Bulgaria by the 680s.〔Encyclopaedia Britannica Online - (''Bolgar Turkic'' )〕〔Campbell, George L. ''Compendium of the World's Languages''. Routledge, 2000. (''page 274'' )〕〔Marcantonio, Angela. ''The Uralic Language Family: Facts, Myths and Statistics''. Blackwell Publishing Limited, 2002. (''page 25'' )〕 While the language was extinct in Danubian Bulgaria (in favour of the Slavic Bulgarian language), it persisted in Volga Bulgaria, eventually giving rise to the modern Chuvash language.〔(The Uralic language family: facts, myths and statistics, Angela Marcantonio, Wiley-Blackwell, 2002, ISBN 0-631-23170-6, p. 167. )〕〔(Encyclopedia of the languages of Europe, Glanville Price, Wiley-Blackwell, 2000, ISBN 0-631-22039-9, p. 88. )〕〔(Studies in Turkic and Mongolic linguistics, Royal Asiatic Society books, Gerard Clauson, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Routledge, 2002, ISBN 0-415-29772-9, p. 38. )〕
==Affiliation==
Mainstream scholarship place the Bulgar language among the "Lir" branch of Turkic languages referred to as Oghur-Turkic, Lir-Turkic, or, indeed, "Bulgar Turkic" as opposed to the "Shaz"-type of Common Turkic. The "Lir" branch is characterized by sound correspondences such as Oghuric ''r'' versus Common Turkic (or Shaz-Turkic) ''z'' and Oghuric ''l'' versus Common Turkic (Shaz-Turkic) ''š''.〔〔〔Johanson, Lars. 1998. "The history of Turkic." In: Johanson, Lars & Éva Agnes Csató (ed.). 1998. ''The Turkic languages''. London: Routledge, pp. 81-125.(); Johanson, Lars. 2007. Chuvash. ''Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics''. Oxford: Elsevier.〕 As was stated by Al-Istakhri "''the language of Bulgars resembles the language of Khazars''".〔Al-Istakhri translation by Zahoder B. N. "Caspian code of the information about Eastern Europe. Gorgan and Volga area in 9-11 cc", Oriental Literature, Moscow, 1962, p. 238〕 The only surviving language from this linguistic group is the Chuvash.
On the other hand, some Bulgarian historians, especially modern ones, link the Bulgar language to the Iranian language group instead (more specifically, the Pamir languages are frequently mentioned), noting the presence of Iranian words in the modern Bulgarian language.〔(Добрев, Петър, 1995. "Езикът на Аспаруховите и Куберовите българи" 1995. )〕〔Бакалов, Георги. Малко известни факти от историята на древните българи (Част 1 )(част 2 )〕〔Димитров, Божидар, 2005. 12 мита в българската история〕〔Милчева, Христина. Българите са с древно-ирански произход. Научна конференция "Средновековна Рус, Волжка България и северното Черноморие в контекста на руските източни връзки", Казан, Русия, 15.10.2007〕 According to Prof. Raymond Detrez, who is a specialist in Bulgarian history and language,〔(Detrez has specialisized Bulgarian philology at Sofia University and is author of several books treating Bulgarian history ).〕 such views are based on anti-Turkish sentiments, and the presence of Iranian words in the modern Bulgarian is result of Ottoman Turkish linguistic influence.〔(Developing cultural identity in the Balkans: convergence vs divergence, Raymond Detrez, Pieter Plas, Peter Lang, 2005, ISBN 90-5201-297-0, p. 29. )〕 Indeed, other Bulgarian historians, especially older ones, only point out certain signs of Iranian influence in the Turkic base,〔Бешевлиев, Веселин. Ирански елементи у първобългарите. Античное Общество, Труды Конференции по изучению проблем античности, стр. 237-247, Издательство "Наука", Москва 1967, АН СССР, Отделение Истории.〕 or indeed support the Turkic theory.〔Йорданов, Стефан. Славяни, тюрки и индо-иранци в ранното средновековие: езикови проблеми на българския етногенезис. В: Българистични проучвания. 8. Актуални проблеми на българистиката и славистиката. Седма международна научна сесия. Велико Търново, 22-23 август 2001 г. Велико Търново, 2002, 275-295.〕〔Съпоставително езикознание, Том 30, Софийски университет "Климент Охридски", 2005, стр. 66-68.〕〔Исторически преглед, Том 62, Броеве 3–4, Bŭlgarsko istorichesko druzhestvo, Institut za istoria (Bŭlgarska akademia na naukite) 2006, стр. 14.〕〔Palaeobulgarica: Starobŭlgaristika, Том 24, Tsentŭr za bŭlgaristika (Bŭlgarska akademiia na naukite), 2000, стр. 53.〕〔(Образуване на българската народност. Димитър Ангелов (Издателство Наука и изкуство, “Векове”, София, 1971) стр. 117. )〕〔(Образуване на българската държава, Петър Петров (Издателство Наука и изкуство, София, 1981) стр. 94. )〕〔(Васил Н. Златарски, History of the First Bulgarian Kingdom, I edition 1918, II edition 1970, Sofia, Science and Art, edited by Petar Hr. Petrov, pp. 55-56. )〕〔(Медното гумно на прабългарите, Ivan Benedikov, (College "Thrace" publishing house, I edition 1983, II. reworked edition, Stara Zagora 1995, pp. 16-19. )〕
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